The Middle Ages is dated from the fall of the west Roman Empire in the 5^th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16^th century. It was marked by the rise of nation-states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the start of European overseas expansion which allowed the Columbian Exchange.

The Middle Ages witnessed the fist sustained urbanization of northern and western Europe. A lot of modern European states owe their origins to events that unfolded in the Middle Ages. The present European political boundaries are, in many regards, the result of the military and dynastic achievements during this tumultuous period.

Few large stone buildings were erected between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4^th century and the 8^th century. During this time, establishing of churches and monasteries, and a comparative political stability brought the development of a form of stone architecture slightly based upon Roman form and later on called Romanesque. Also, the making of the illuminated manuscripts, produced by the monks of vellum, using gold, silver and precious pigments to illustrate biblical narratives happened during these times.

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